8/17/2023 0 Comments Shut in syndrome japan![]() ![]() Many articles do not control for any other variables, while others include only a few control variables. In essence, researchers estimate the effect of school closures by measuring the difference in the number of cases between days when a country closes and opens its schools. A typical research design is panel regression: using a dataset that spans across countries and days, researchers regress the number of cases on a dummy variable to indicate whether a country closes its schools on a given day, where the coefficient of the dummy represents the effect of school closures. ![]() Most empirical works estimate parameters (including the effect of school closures) by using publicly available aggregated data, although these studies are not necessarily rigorous in terms of causal inference. Simulation studies assume parameters in their models, whose values may not be correct. We argue that one of reasons why the literature is equivocal is methodological. Nonetheless, scholars have not reached a consensus on the degree of benefit, if any, to closing (or not reopening) schools (see a recent systematic review 13). Furthermore, school closures will lead to even long-term macroeconomic damage 4, 12.Īccordingly, it is imperative to know whether the benefits of school closures outweigh these costs. Notably, these costs are disproportionately imposed on disadvantaged families, thereby widening social and economic inequality 2, 3, 4. Yet, school closures have broad impacts, including learning loss (as evidenced by the decrease in time spent learning 2 and test scores 3), future earnings loss 4, deterioration of physical health (for example, cancellation of school meals 5 and increase in weight 6) as well as mental health 7, 8, maltreatment 9 and lower maternal labor force participation 10, including health-care workers 11. By April 2020, 1 month after the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic, 173 countries had closed schools, affecting 84.3% of the world’s enrolled students 1. School closures have been widely implemented as a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) to reduce the spread of COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our null results suggest that policies on school closures should be reexamined given the potential negative consequences for children and parents. We do not find any evidence that school closures in Japan reduced the spread of COVID-19. By matching each municipality with open schools to a municipality with closed schools that is the most similar in terms of potential confounders, we can estimate how many cases the municipality with open schools would have had if it had closed its schools. ![]() Here we assess the causal effect of school closures in Japan on reducing the spread of COVID-19 in spring 2020. ![]() To date, studies have not reached a consensus about the effectiveness of these policies at mitigating community transmission, partly because they lack rigorous causal inference. However, school closures bring about substantial costs, such as learning loss. Among tool kits to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, school closures are one of the most frequent non-pharmaceutical interventions. ![]()
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